Antonyms

Antonyms__ words of opposite sense.Pairs of words having opposite or contrary meanings are called Antonyms:

Adjectives:

Accustomed: Unusual.
Acctive:Inert.
Alert:careless,absent-minded.
Ample:scanty,or meager.
Ancient:Modern
Arrogant:Humble.
Beneficial:Injurious.
Blustering:Gentle.
Cautious:Reckless.
Celebrated:Obscure.
Compassionate:merciless.
Conceited:modest,unassuming.
Conspicuous:Inconspicuous.
Courageous:Timorous.
Dexterous:Awkward.
Dubious:Assured.
Equitable:Unjust.
Expedient:inexpedient.
Expeditious:Dilatory.
Exquisite:Detestable.
Fidgety:Placid,self-possessed.
Flexible:Rigid
Foolish:Wise.
Plenteous:insufficient.
Plentiful:Scarce.
Progressive:Retrograde.
Prudent:Imprudent,reckless.
Restless:Calm.
Romantic:prosaic.
Ruthless:Humane.
Salubrious:Unhealthy.
Serious:Trifling,light.
Shallow:Deep.
Generous:Mean,Avaricious.
Genuine:Spurious.
Healthy:Diseased.
Hospitable:inhospitable.
Immaculate:Soiled,spotted.
Initial:Final.
Intelligible:Unintelligible.
Invariable:Fluctuating.
Logical:irrational.
Luscious:Unpalatable.insipid.
Meek:ungovernable.
Miraculous:Commonplace,Ordinary.
Ordinary:Uncommon,rare.
Simple:intricate,complex.
Steadfast:Wavering,fickle.
Tainted:pure.
Tenacious:Butter-fingered.
Tractable:refractory.
Vague:definite.
Venturesome:timid.
Violent:gentle.
Vital:immaterial.
Voluntary:compulsory.
Winsome:unprepossesing.

Nouns:

Acquisition:Loss.
Ability:Incompetence.
Advantage:Disadvantage.
Bravery:Cowardice.
Brutality:Humanity.
Cheerfulness:Dejection.
Combatant:Non-Combatant.
Deficit:Surplus.
Economy:Extravagance.
Elegance:Ugliness
Entrance:exit.
Exterior:interior.
Gratitude:Thanklessness.
Ignorance:Knowledge.
Imbecile:Sane
Insufficiency:plenitude.
Lenience:severity.
Moderation:fanaticism.
Obligation:claim.
Optimism:pessimism.
Parsimony:prodigality.
Petulance:amiability.
Provision:waste.
Security:peril,risk.
Sedulousness:indolence.
Summit:base.
Rear:front.
Recklessness:prudence.
Tolerance:intolerance,bigotry.
Truth:falsehood.

Verbs:

Accept:Reject.
Accumulate:Scatter,fritter.
Approach:Repel.
Attract:Repel.
Beautify:Disfigure.
Choose:Reject.
Collect:Disperse.
Complicate:Simplify.
Condemn:Praise.
Consolidate:Weaken
Converge:diverge.
Defame:belaud.
Diminish:increase.
Distress:comfort.
Elevate:depress.
Enrich:impoverish.
Exonerate:implicate.
Exult.lament.
Fatigue:refresh.
Gratify:Dissatisfy.
Harass:assist.
Illuminate:darken.
Impede:expedite.
Increase:decrease.
Induce:Dissuade.
Insert:Extract.
Interest:bore.
Lessen:Extend,enlarge.
Magnify:Reduce.
Obscure:Clarify.
Persist:relinquish.
Persuade:Dissuade.
Preliminary:Final.
Pursue:avoid.
Recover:relapse.
Rejoice:lament,grieve.
Relieve:aggravate.
Repress:Encourage.
Restore:appropriate.
Resolve:Hesitate.
Retreat:advance.
Reveal:secrete.
Solidify:liquefy.
Triumph:fail.
Volunteer:desert.
Worry:comfort.

Diminutives:

(اسم تصغیر)Diminutives are formed from certain words to express smallness affection or contempt.we give below a list of some of the diminutives in common use:
Ankle(ٹخنہ)                  ... Anklet
Arm  (بازو)                    ...Armlet
Baron(انگلستانی امیر)   ...Baronet
Book.                           ...Booklet
Brook.                         ...Brooklet
Bull.                             ...Bullock
Cat.                              ...Kitten
Crown.                        ...coronet
Dame.(بیگم)                ...Damsel(دوشیزہ)
Dear.                            ...Darling
Duck.                           ...Duckling
Eagle.                          ...Eaglet(عقاب کا بچہ)
Eye.                              ...Eyelet
Hill.                              ...Hillock  (چھوٹی پہاڑی)
Lamb(بھیڑ کا بچہ)        ...Lambkin
Lance.                         ...Lancet
Leaf.                            ...Leaflet
Man.                            ...Manikin
Nest.                            ...Nestling
Owl.                             ...Owlet
Part.                            ...Particle
Poet.                           ...poetaster
Ring.                           ...Ringlet
River.                          ...Rivulet
Shade.                        ...Shadow
Stream.                       ...Streamlet
Tower.                         ...Turret

Proper Nouns used in general sense:

Many interesting words frequently used in the English language come from the works of Greek,Roman and modern writers of the first rank.
When we speak of a modern Hercules(یونانی رستم)we are using the proper name Hercules in  genetal sense,applying it to any person who possesses the strength for which Hercules was famed.Similarly a Goliath among men means a man of gigantic stature and strength.Friends in relation to each other are often said to be David and Jonathan.
Below is given a list of proper names used in a general sense:_
1.A sop to cerberus__ something offered to an official to make him favourably inclined.The dead who passed through the gates tried to assuage his violence by offering him some delicacy.
A yahoo__a coarse person possessing the instincts of a brute.Yahoo was the name given by Swift in Gulliver's Travels to a race of brutes in human shape.
A vandal__a person who either wilfully or through ignorance destroys beautiful works of art.The vandals were Germanic race who invaded the Roman  Empire and destroyed many books and works of art.
An Ishmael__an outcast one who hated and is hated by the majority of the people.Of Ishmael,the son of Hagar it was said"His hand shall be  against every man,and every man's hand against him."
A Roland for an Oliver__an effective retort to a remark(tit for tat).Roland and Oliver two heroes of French legend.They fought against each other on one occasion,but neither of them was able to defeat the other.
A Philistine__ a man who  has no interest in culture or the arts.The Philistines were regarded as  the greatest enemies of the Israelites.Its against the fact indeed.
A Sibyl__ an old fortune_teller or an old hag.The ancient race believed that the Sibyl had the power of prophecy.
A Daniel__an exceedingly wise judge.In The  Merchant of Venice when portia allowed shylock to have his pound of flesh from the body of Antonio,Shylock exclaimed with joy,"A Daniel came to judgment."
An Amazon__a woman of masculine character.The Amazons were a fabled race of female warriors.
To go from scylla to Charybdis:To escape from one misfortune only to fall into a more serious disaster.Scylla was a six headed monster living on a rock and Charybdis was a whirlpool so placed that it was hard to avoid it without being caught by the monster Scylla.
EL Dorado__ a fictitious country or city abounding in gold where boys play marbles with diamonds and the houses are roofed and the streets are paved,with gold.
Eysium__ place,state, of ideal happiness.The Greeks believed it to be the abods of the blessed after death.
Islands Of the Blest__where,according to the Greeks,the blessed lived after death.There they enjoyed nectar and lay on beds of asphodel.
A Don Juan__ a dissolute person of the upper or aristocratic class.Don  Juan,a young Spanish nobleman,who is represented as commencing his career of love and gallantry at sixteen,is the hero of Byron's poem Don Juan.
Dryasdust__A fictitious heavy author, very learned and very dull.In modern use the word signifies a dull,uninteresting speech or argument.
Faust__ a student toiling after knowledge beyond his reach.Faust is the hero and title of a celebrated drama of the German poet Goethe.
Friar Tuck__ a humorous, self_indulgent clergyman.This character is introduced by Sir Walter Scott in his novel called Ivanhoe.
A Man Friday__ a constant and submissive attendant.
A Hamlet__ an irresolute,wavering sort of person whose action is held up by too much of reflection and thouhgt.The hero of Shakespeare's famous play Hamlet.
John Bull__the national nickname for an Englishman,satirized as a rough,kindhearted and bull_ headed farmer.
A Martinet__a strict disciplination;so called from the Marquis de Martinet,a young colonel of Louis XIV,who reformed the French infantry.
A Mephistopheles__ a sneering,irreverent shallow temper.The character is that of a devil in  Goethe's famous drama Faust.
A Merry Andrew__a buffoon;so called from Andrew Borde,a Physician to  Henry VIII,who combined considerable wit and drollery with great learning.
Puck__a mischievous,frolicsome and graceless fellow.Puck is a mischievous fairy in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.
Rip Van Winkle__person who has gone to sleep for an age.Rip Van Winkle is represented as a Dutch farmer who slept twenty years in the Kaatskill mountains and found on awaking that America had become independent.
A Sherlock Holmes__ a very clever detective.The name is the  Hero and the title of a novel by Conan Doyle.
A Shylock__ a merciless Jew who was a great usurer.An allusion to the Jew in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice.
Tom Jones__a model of generosity,manliness and openness combined with thoughtless dissipation.The hero of one of Fielding's novels.
Uncle Sam__the United States( of America)Government.
Boycott__ coerce,punish(person,class,nation)by systematic refusal of social or commercial relations;combine in abstaining from(goods etc.)With this aim.(Captain Boycott,Irish landlord,first notable victim,in 1880).
Brother Jonathan__ the people of the United States or the personification of their Government.
Bunkum__ inflated or bombastic speech_making for effect only;any specious utterance of a legislator made solely to please his constituents.This word is supposed to have had its origin in the remrk of a member of congress from Buncombe,N.C.,That he was "talking only for Buncombe."
Cabal__ a number of persons secretly united for effecting by intrigue some private or party purpose.In English History,the ministry formed in the reign of CharlesII,after the fall of Clarendon(1667_1673).It was essentially a 'committee of the Privy Council'('committee for foreign affairs')under CharlesII,so called because the initial letters of the names of its members formed the word:Clifford Arlington,Buckingham,Ashley and Lauderdale.
Coventry__ a town in Warwickshire where women who spoke to soldiers were ostracized because of the unpopularity of the troops.Hence, to send to coventry_to banish from society or social intercourse.
Enoch Arden,One who returns after a long absence during which he has been given up as dead by his friends and relations.From Enoch Arden,the hero of a poem of the same name by Tennyson.
Jezebel__a wicked wanton woman impudently brazen and given to painting her face;from Jezebel,the wife of Ahab,king of Israel.
Joe Miller__a stale story or worn out joke:from Joseph Miller,an actor and humourist(1684__1738),whose name was printed on a jest_book published in 1739 but who never was known to write a joke.
John Chinaman__ the English nickname for the Chinese as a people.
Johnny__ a young man about town,especially one given to hanging about stagedoors.
Jonah__ any person regarded as bringing ill_luck:from the Biblical story of the Proohet Jonah.
Macaroni__ an exquisite;a fop;a dandy.An exquisite of a class which arose in English about 1760 and consisted of young men who had travelled and affected continental tastes and fashions.
Malaprop(ism)__ludicrous misuse of word,especially in mistake for one resembling it.(e.g.a nice derangement of epitaphs for arrangement of epithets.)From Mrs.Malaprop,in Sheridan's Rivals,noted for her heroic achievements in word_ fowling with a blunderbuss.
Pontius Pilate__ a pawn broker.
May Queen__ a girl chosen to preside over May Day revels,usually in acknowledgment of her beauty or popularity.
Samaritan__a humane,compassionate person.
Sandwichman__a man who perambulates the streets bearing from his shoulders boards displaying advertisements before and behind.
Santa claus__the patron saint of children,in nursery folklore, a friend who brings presents on Christmas eve:usually pictured as a fat,jolly old man dressed in red trimmed with white fur,who descends chimneys to fill the stockings hung by the chimney_piece with gifts.
Scotland yard__used for the London police,the headquarters of the detection of crime.